Determining factors on length of stay in primary total knee arthroplasty patients using enhanced recovery protocol after surgery (ERAS) pathway. / Factores determinantes de la duración de la estancia hospitalaria en pacientes operados de artroplastia primaria total de rodilla usando un protocolo de recuperación mejorada (ERAS).

INTRODUCTION: There is an increase in degenerative arthropathies because of the increase in the longevity of world's population, making primary knee arthroplasties a procedure to recover quality of life without pain. There are factors associated with the length of hospital stay after this procedure. OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors influencing the hospital stay during the postoperative period of patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty with an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol (ERAS). METHODS: A retrospective study is carried out on patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty at an University Hospital in the period 2017-2020 using the ERAS protocol, during which 957 surgeries were performed. RESULTS: Average age of 71.7±8.2years, 62.4% were women and the 77.3% were classified as ASAII. The significantly associated factors to an increased length of stay are: age (P=.001), ASA scale (P=.04), day of surgery (P<.001), blood transfusion (P<.001), postoperative hemoglobin level at 48-72h (P<.001), the time of first postoperative mobilization to ambulate and climb stairs (P<.001), the need for analgesic rescues (P=.003), and the presence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (P=.008). CONCLUSIONS: There are statistically significant and clinically relevant factors associated with hospital stay. Determining these factors constitutes an advantage in hospital management, in the development of strategies to improve and optimize the quality of care and available health resources.

Factores predictores de resultado en tratamiento de tabaquismo en población de adultos mayores de la Comunidad Valenciana / Predictors of smoking treatment outcome in a population of older adults in the Valencian Community

El consumo de tabaco es uno de los más importantes factores de riesgo de enfermedad y muerte en España. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las características epidemiológicas de 239pacientes fumadores mayores de 50 años en una unidad hospitalaria de deshabituación de tabaco, así como analizar los principales factores predictores que pueden influir en sus intentos de cese a losdoce meses. Es un estudio analítico transversal con tratamiento multicomponente combinando terapia psicológica e intervención farmacológica. Para comparar el éxito de abandono de los pacientes yconocer los posibles factores predictores, se llevó a cabo un análisis multivariante y de regresión logística binaria. De todos los pacientes, el 49,7% estableció el día D y la tasa de abandono final fue de 41,4%. Los predictores de intentos de abandono significativos fueron: índice paquetes-año entre 30 y 60, valor de cooximetría ≤ 10ppm, con una o más veces de intentos previos, tiempo máximo de cese superior a tres meses y grado alto en el test de Richmond. La escala de Minnesota con un valor inferior a 5 puntos fue el único predictor de abstinencia puntual a los doce meses. Los pacientes que consumieron menos tabaco y manifestaron intentos previos y alto grado de motivación tuvieron mayor posibilidad de tomar la decisión con éxito para dejar de fumar. Además, controlar el síndrome de abstinencia fue el aspecto más importante para tratar y reducir la tasa de recaída. (AU)

Tobacco consumption is one of the most important risk factors for disease and death in Spain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of 239 smoking patients over 50 years of age in a hospital smoking cessation unit, as well as to analyse the main predictors that may influence their cessation attempts at 12 months. It is a cross-sectional analytical study with multicomponent treatment combining psychological therapy and pharmacological intervention. A multivariate and binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to compare patients’ cessation success and to identify possible predictors. Of all patients, 49.7% established D-day and the final quit rate was 41.4%. Significant predictors of quit attempts were: pack-year index between 30 and 60, cooximetry value ≤ 10ppm, with one or more times of previous attempts, maximum cessation time greater than three months and high grade on the Richmond test. The Minnesota scale with a value of less than 5 points was the only predictor of timely abstinence at 12 months. Patients who used less tobacco and reported previous attempts and high motivation were more likely to make a successful decision to quit smoking. In addition, controlling the withdrawal syndrome was the most important aspect to treat and reduce the relapse rate. (AU)

Predictive factors for inadequate bowel cleansing in colon capsule endoscopy / Factores predictores de limpieza colónica inadecuada en exploraciones con cápsula endoscópica de colon

Background and aims: Achieving adequate bowel cleansing is of utmost importance for the efficiency of colon capsule endoscopy (CCE). However, information about predictive factors is lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the predictive factors of poor bowel cleansing in the CCE setting. Methods: In this observational study, 126 patients who underwent CCE at two tertiary care hospitals were included between June 2017 and January 2020. Participants prepared for bowel cleansing with a 1-day clear liquid diet, a 4-L split-dose polyethylene glycol regimen and boosters with sodium phosphate, sodium amidotrizoate and meglumine amidotrizoate. Domperidone tablets and bisacodyl suppositories were administered when needed. Overall and per-segment bowel cleansing was evaluated using a CCE cleansing score. Simple and multiple logistic regression analysis were carried out to assess poor bowel cleansing and excretion rate predictors. Results: Overall bowel cleansing was optimal in 53 patients (50.5%). Optimal per-segment bowel cleansing was achieved as follows: cecum (86 patients; 74.8%), transverse colon (91 patients; 81.3%), distal colon (81 patients; 75%) and rectum (64 patients; 66.7%). In the univariate analysis, elderly (OR, 1.03; 95% CI (1.01–1.076)) and constipation (OR, 3.82; 95% CI (1.50–9.71)) were associated with poor bowel cleansing. In the logistic regression analysis, constipation (OR, 3.77; 95% CI (1.43–10.0)) was associated with poor bowel cleansing. No variables were significantly associated with the CCE device excretion rate. Conclusion: Our results suggest that constipation is the most powerful predictor of poor bowel cleansing in the CCE setting. Tailored cleansing protocols should be recommended for these patients.(AU)

Antecedentes y objetivos Lograr una limpieza intestinal adecuada es de gran importancia para la eficiencia de la cápsula endoscópica de colon (CEC). Se carece de información sobre factores predictivos. El objetivo fue evaluar los factores predictivos de la limpieza colónica deficiente en pacientes con CEC. Métodos: Ciento veintiséis pacientes fueron sometidos a CEC en dos hospitales de tercer nivel entre junio de 2017 y enero de 2020. La preparación consistió en un día de dieta líquida, y 4 l de polietilenglicol (dosis fraccionada), fosfato sódico, amidotrizoato de sodio y meglumina amidotrizoato. Ocasionalmente se administró domperidona y supositorios de bisacodilo. Se evaluó limpieza total y por segmentos. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística simple y múltiple para evaluar factores de limpieza deficiente y de excreción de la CEC. Resultados: La limpieza intestinal fue óptima en 53 pacientes (50,5%). Por segmentos fue: ciego y ascendente (86 pacientes; 74,8%), transverso (91 pacientes; 81,3%), distal (81 pacientes; el 75%) y recto (64 pacientes; 66,7%). En la regresión simple, la edad avanzada (OR, 1,03, IC 95% [1,01-1,076]) y el estreñimiento (OR, 3,82; IC 95% [1,50-9,71]) se asociaron con una limpieza deficiente. El estreñimiento (OR, 3,77; IC del 95% [1,43-10,0]) fue el único factor asociado de forma independiente. Ninguna variable se asoció a la tasa de excreción de la CEC. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados sugieren que el estreñimiento es el factor más potente de la limpieza deficiente colónica en el estudio endoscópico con CEC. Protocolos de limpieza adaptados se deben recomendar en estos pacientes.(AU)

Predictores de mortalidad en pacientes con exacerbación de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Mortality predictors in patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

RESUMEN Fundamento: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) es un problema de salud y constituye la tercera causa de defunción en el mundo. La mortalidad es mayor en los pacientes que presentan exacerbaciones de esa enfermedad. Objetivo: Determinar los factores predictores de mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados con exacerbación de EPOC en una institución hospitalaria del segundo nivel de atención en Cuba. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal en el Hospital General Provincial Camilo Cienfuegos de Sancti Spíritus, durante dos años. Se incluyeron 335 pacientes. Las variables recogidas se agruparon en sociodemográficas, clínicas, enfermedades crónicas asociadas y estado del paciente al egreso. Se elaboró un árbol de decisión mediante el método Chaid exhaustivo, la variable dependiente fue la mortalidad por EPOC. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes del sexo femenino (55.2 %), con 60 años o más (79 %) y con más de 4 exacerbaciones en el último año (53.1 %). El modelo del árbol de decisión tuvo una sensibilidad de 97 %, especificidad de 89.3 % y un porcentaje global de pronóstico correcto del 93.1 %. Se identificaron seis variables predictores de mortalidad: insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, diagnóstico de neumonía, no utilización de antitrombóticos, tromboembolismo pulmonar, edad mayor de 60 años y el hábito de fumar. Conclusiones: La probabilidad más alta de fallecer durante una exacerbación de EPOC se da entre los pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, los que son diagnosticados con neumonía durante el ingreso, los que no realizan tratamiento antitrombótico y los que tienen más de 60 años de edad.

ABSTRACT Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a health problem and the third cause of death in the world. Mortality is higher in patients who present exacerbations of this disease. Objective: To determine mortality predictors in hospitalized patients with exacerbation of COPD in a second care level hospital in Cuba. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Camilo Cienfuegos Provincial General Hospital in Sancti Spíritus, for two years. 335 patients were included. The variables collected were grouped into sociodemographic, clinical, associated chronic diseases and patient status at discharge. A decision tree was developed using the exhaustive Chaid method, the dependent variable was mortality from COPD. Results: Female patients (55.2 %), 60 years or older (79 %) and with more than 4 exacerbations in the last year (53.1 %) predominated. The decision tree model had a sensitivity of 97 %, a specificity of 89.3 %, and an overall percentage of correct diagnosis of 93.1 %. Six variables that predicted mortality were identified: acute respiratory failure, diagnosis of pneumonia, non-use of antithrombotics, pulmonary thromboembolism, age over 60 years, and smoking. Conclusions: The highest probability of dying during an exacerbation of COPD occurs among patients with acute respiratory failure, those who are diagnosed with pneumonia during admission, those who do not receive antithrombotic treatment and those who are over 60 years of age.

Predictores de complicaciones y muerte en pacientes con esofagectomía por cáncer de esófago / Predictors of complications and death in patients with esophagectomy due to esophagus cancer

Introducción: La morbilidad y la mortalidad continúan siendo altas a escala mundial como consecuencia de la esofagectomía programada por cáncer de esófago. Objetivo: Identificar los factores predictores de complicaciones posquirúrgicas y de muerte, la estadía hospitalaria y las causas de muerte en la población estudiada. Método: Se efectuó un estudio de cohorte de 81 pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de esófago, atendidos en los hospitales Saturnino Lora y Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de la provincia de Santiago de Cuba desde enero de 2010 hasta diciembre de 2019, de los cuales se escogió una muestra aleatoria de 68. Para identificar los factores predictivos asociados con las complicaciones y la mortalidad se definieron 2 cohortes de enfermos: los expuestos y los no expuestos a los factores de interés, tales como la realización de toracotomía, las reintervenciones, además de las complicaciones médicas y quirúrgicas infecciosas. Se utilizó el método estadístico de bondad de ajuste de Hosmer-Lemeshow con un nivel de significación α= 0,10. Resultados: Si se realiza toracotomía, la probabilidad de que se desarrollen complicaciones quirúrgicas infecciosas es 2,3 veces mayor que si no se lleva a cabo el proceder; asimismo, el riesgo de fallecer por dichas complicaciones (p=0,024), en contraposición a cuando no se presentan, asciende a 370,0 % (IC 90 %: 1,5-14,8). Conclusión: La realización de toracotomía se establece como factor predictor de complicaciones y la presencia de reintervenciones y de complicaciones médicas y quirúrgicas infecciosas como predictores de muerte en la esofagectomía programada.

Introduction: Morbidity and mortality continue being high worldwide as consequence of the esophagectomy programmed due to esophagus cancer. Objective: To identify the predictor factors of postsurgical and death complications, hospitalization and death causes in the studied population. Method: A cohort study of 81 patients with diagnosis of esophagus cancer was carried out. They were assisted in Saturnino Lora and Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso hospitals in the province of Santiago de Cuba from January, 2010 to December, 2019, of which a random sample of 68 was chosen. To identify the prediction factors associated with the complications and mortality 2 cohorts of sick patients were defined: the exposed and those not exposed to interest factors, such as the thoracotomy realization, reinterventions, besides the infectious medical and surgical complications. The statistical method of Hosmer-Lemeshow was used with a significance level of α = 0,10. Results: If thoracotomy is carried out, the probability that infectious surgical complications are developed is 2.3 times more that if it is not carried out; also, the risk of dying due to this complications (p=0.024), in opposition to when they are not presented, ascends to 370.0 % (IC 90 %: 1.5-14.8). Conclusion: The thoracotomy realization is established as predictor factor of complications and the presence of reinterventions and infectious medical and surgical complications as death predictors in the programmed esophagectomy.

Validación del modelo predictivo de bacteriemia (5MPB-Toledo) en los pacientes atendidos en el servicio de urgencias por infección / Validation of a predictive model for bacteraemia (MPB5-Toledo) in the patients seen in emergency departments due to infections

ObjetivoValidar un modelo sencillo de riesgo para predecir bacteriemia (5MPB-Toledo) en los pacientes atendidos en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH) por un episodio de infección.MétodosEstudio observacional de cohortes prospectivo y multicéntrico de los hemocultivos (HC) obtenidos en 74 SUH españoles en los pacientes adultos (≥18 años) atendidos por infección desde el 1 de octubre de 2019 hasta el 29 de febrero de 2020. Se analizó la capacidad predictiva del modelo con el área bajo la curva (ABC) de la característica operativa del receptor (COR) y se calculó el rendimiento diagnóstico de los puntos de corte (PC) del modelo elegidos con los cálculos de la sensibilidad, la especificidad, el valor predictivo positivo y el valor predictivo negativo.ResultadosSe incluyeron 3.843 episodios de HC extraídos. De ellos, se consideraron como bacteriemias verdaderas 839 (21,83%) y como HC negativos 3.004 (78,17%). Entre los negativos, 172 (4,47%) se consideraron contaminados. Se categorizó a los pacientes en bajo (0-2 puntos), moderado (3-5 puntos) y alto (6-8 puntos) riesgo, con una probabilidad de bacteriemia de 1,5, 16,8 y 81,6%, respectivamente. El ABC-COR del modelo tras remuestreo fue de 0,930 (IC 95%: 0,916-0,948). El rendimiento diagnóstico del modelo con un PC≥5 puntos consigue una sensibilidad del 94,76% (IC 95%: 92,97-96,12), especificidad del 81,56% (IC 95%: 80,11-82,92) y un valor predictivo negativo del 98,24% (IC 95%: 97,62-98,70).ConclusiónEl modelo 5MPB-Toledo es de utilidad para predecir bacteriemia en los pacientes atendidos en el SUH por un episodio de infección.

ObjectiveTo validate a simple risk score to predict bacteremia (MPB5-Toledo) in patients seen in the emergency departments (ED) due to infections.MethodsProspective and multicenter observational cohort study of the blood cultures (BC) ordered in 74 Spanish ED for adults (aged 18 or older) seen from from October 1, 2019, to February 29, 2020.The predictive ability of the model was analyzed with the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). The prognostic performance for true bacteremia was calculated with the cut-off values chosen for getting the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value.ResultsA total of 3.843 blood samples wered cultured. True cases of bacteremia were confirmed in 839 (21.83%). The remaining 3.004 cultures (78.17%) were negative. Among the negative, 172 (4.47%) were judged to be contaminated. Low risk for bacteremia was indicated by a score of 0 to 2 points, intermediate risk by 3 to 5 points, and high risk by 6 to 8 points. Bacteremia in these 3 risk groups was predicted for 1.5%, 16.8%, and 81.6%, respectively. The model's area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.930 (95% CI, 0.916-0.948). The prognostic performance with a model's cut-off value of ≥ 5 points achieved 94.76% (95% CI: 92.97-96.12) sensitivity, 81.56% (95% CI: 80.11-82.92) specificity, and negative predictive value of 98.24% (95% CI: 97.62-98.70).ConclusionThe 5MPB-Toledo score is useful for predicting bacteremia in patients attended in hospital emergency departments for infection.

Prevalence of polypharmacy and associated factors among patients living with HIV infection in Spain: The POINT study.

PURPOSE: Survival in people living with HIV (PLWH) has increased and thus people are aging with HIV, increasing the frequency of multimorbidity and polypharmacy. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of polypharmacy among PLWH who were on antiretroviral treatment and were followed in an outpatient setting by the pharmacy department of several hospitals across Spain. In addition, we aimed to evaluate factors associated with polypharmacy and treatment complexity among this population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We recorded information on demographic data, data on disease control including viral load and CD4 count at the time of inclusion, comorbidities, pharmacologic treatment and drugs interactions. Polypharmacy was defined as the use of 6 or more different drugs, including antiretroviral medication; major polypharmacy was defined as the use of ≥11 different drugs. RESULTS: Overall, 1225 PLWH were eligible in the study. The median (IQR) age was 49 (40-54). Comorbidities were present in 819 (67%) PLWH and 571 (47%) had two or more comorbidities. Overall, 397 (32.4%, 95% CI 29.8-34.9) PLWH met the criteria for polypharmacy, and 67 (5.5%, 95% CI, 4.2-6.7) had major polypharmacy. Several factors were associated with polypharmacy such as type of antiretroviral treatment, presence of potential interactions, the use of several types of medications and the number of comorbidities. Treatment complexity was also a factor strongly associated with polypharmacy; for each point increase in the medication regimen complexity index (MRCI), the likelihood of polypharmacy increased 2.3-fold. CONCLUSIONS: Polypharmacy is frequent among PLWH in Spain and contributes to a relevant extent to treatment complexity.

Validation of a predictive model for bacteraemia (MPB5-Toledo) in the patients seen in emergency departments due to infections.

OBJECTIVE: To validate a simple risk score to predict bacteremia (MPB5-Toledo) in patients seen in the emergency departments (ED) due to infections. METHODS: Prospective and multicenter observational cohort study of the blood cultures (BC) ordered in 74 Spanish ED for adults (aged 18 or older) seen from October 1, 2019, to February 29, 2020. The predictive ability of the model was analyzed with the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). The prognostic performance for true bacteremia was calculated with the cut-off values chosen for getting the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. RESULTS: A total of 3.843 blood samples wered cultured. True cases of bacteremia were confirmed in 839 (21.83%). The remaining 3.004 cultures (78.17%) were negative. Among the negative, 172 (4.47%) were judged to be contaminated. Low risk for bacteremia was indicated by a score of 0-2 points, intermediate risk by 3-5 points, and high risk by 6-8 points. Bacteremia in these 3 risk groups was predicted for 1.5%, 16.8%, and 81.6%, respectively. The model's area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.930 (95% CI, 0.916-0.948). The prognostic performance with a model's cut-off value of ≥5 points achieved 94.76% (95% CI: 92.97-96.12) sensitivity, 81.56% (95% CI: 80.11-82.92) specificity, and negative predictive value of 98.24% (95% CI: 97.62-98.70). CONCLUSION: The 5MPB-Toledo score is useful for predicting bacteremia in patients attended in hospital emergency departments for infection.

Predictive factors for inadequate bowel cleansing in colon capsule endoscopy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Achieving adequate bowel cleansing is of utmost importance for the efficiency of colon capsule endoscopy (CCE). However, information about predictive factors is lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the predictive factors of poor bowel cleansing in the CCE setting. METHODS: In this observational study, 126 patients who underwent CCE at two tertiary care hospitals were included between June 2017 and January 2020. Participants prepared for bowel cleansing with a 1-day clear liquid diet, a 4-L split-dose polyethylene glycol regimen and boosters with sodium phosphate, sodium amidotrizoate and meglumine amidotrizoate. Domperidone tablets and bisacodyl suppositories were administered when needed. Overall and per-segment bowel cleansing was evaluated using a CCE cleansing score. Simple and multiple logistic regression analysis were carried out to assess poor bowel cleansing and excretion rate predictors. RESULTS: Overall bowel cleansing was optimal in 53 patients (50.5%). Optimal per-segment bowel cleansing was achieved as follows: cecum (86 patients; 74.8%), transverse colon (91 patients; 81.3%), distal colon (81 patients; 75%) and rectum (64 patients; 66.7%). In the univariate analysis, elderly (OR, 1.03; 95% CI (1.01-1.076)) and constipation (OR, 3.82; 95% CI (1.50-9.71)) were associated with poor bowel cleansing. In the logistic regression analysis, constipation (OR, 3.77; 95% CI (1.43-10.0)) was associated with poor bowel cleansing. No variables were significantly associated with the CCE device excretion rate. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that constipation is the most powerful predictor of poor bowel cleansing in the CCE setting. Tailored cleansing protocols should be recommended for these patients.

Prevalence of polypharmacy and associated factors among patients living with HIV infection in Spain: The POINT study / Prevalencia y factores asociados a la polifarmacia en pacientes VIH+ en España. Estudio POINT

PurposeSurvival in people living with HIV (PLWH) has increased and thus people are aging with HIV, increasing the frequency of multimorbidity and polypharmacy. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of polypharmacy among PLWH who were on antiretroviral treatment and were followed in an outpatient setting by the pharmacy department of several hospitals across Spain. In addition, we aimed to evaluate factors associated with polypharmacy and treatment complexity among this population.Material and methodsWe recorded information on demographic data, data on disease control including viral load and CD4 count at the time of inclusion, comorbidities, pharmacologic treatment and drugs interactions. Polypharmacy was defined as the use of 6 or more different drugs, including antiretroviral medication; major polypharmacy was defined as the use of ≥11 different drugs.ResultsOverall, 1225 PLWH were eligible in the study. The median (IQR) age was 49 (40–54). Comorbidities were present in 819 (67%) PLWH and 571 (47%) had two or more comorbidities. Overall, 397 (32.4%, 95% CI 29.8–34.9) PLWH met the criteria for polypharmacy, and 67 (5.5%, 95% CI, 4.2–6.7) had major polypharmacy. Several factors were associated with polypharmacy such as type of antiretroviral treatment, presence of potential interactions, the use of several types of medications and the number of comorbidities. Treatment complexity was also a factor strongly associated with polypharmacy; for each point increase in the medication regimen complexity index (MRCI), the likelihood of polypharmacy increased 2.3-fold.ConclusionsPolypharmacy is frequent among PLWH in Spain and contributes to a relevant extent to treatment complexity.

ObjetivoLa supervivencia de las personas con infección por el VIH ha aumentado notablemente en los últimos años incrementado la edad de estos sujetos. Ello se asocia con una mayor presencia de multimorbilidad y polifarmacia. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la prevalencia de la polifarmacia en pacientes VIH+ con tratamiento antirretroviral activo seguidos en las consultas externas de los servicios de farmacia hospitalaria en toda España. Adicionalmente, analizar los factores asociados a polifarmacia y a la complejidad farmacoterapéutica en esta población.Material y métodosEstudio multicéntrico, transversal. Se recogieron variables demográficas, variables relacionadas con el control de la enfermedad como la carga viral y los linfocitos CD4, las comorbilidades, el tratamiento farmacológico completo del paciente y la presencia de interacciones. La polifarmacia se definió como el uso de al menos 6 fármacos incluyendo el TAR. Se definió polifarmacia mayor como la toma de más de 11 fármacos diferentes. Se midió la complejidad farmacoterapéutica por la escala de valoración Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI).ResultadosSe incluyeron 1.225 pacientes. La mediana (RIQ) de edad fue de 49 años (40-54). En total 819 (67,0%) pacientes presentaban al menos una comorbilidad en el momento del estudio, teniendo 2 o más comorbilidades, el 47,0% de los mismos. Un total de 397 (32,4%; IC 95%: 29,8-34,9) pacientes cumplieron los criterios de polifarmacia y 67 (5,5%; IC 95%: 4,2-6,7) los de polifarmacia mayor. Los factores asociados con la polifarmacia fueron: el tratamiento antirretroviral, la presencia de interacciones potenciales, el uso de diferentes tipos de fármacos y el número de comorbilidades. La complejidad farmacoterapéutica se asoció de forma importante con la presencia de polifarmacia, incrementándose su probabilidad de aparición entre 2 y 3 veces por cada incremento en un punto en su escala de valoración.Conclusión

Predictores de mortalidad en pacientes con exacerbación de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica

Fundamento: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) es un problema de salud y constituye la tercera causa de defunción en el mundo. La mortalidad es mayor en los pacientes que presentan exacerbaciones de esa enfermedad.Objetivo:Determinar los factores predictores de mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados con exacerbación de EPOC en una institución hospitalaria del segundo nivel de atención en Cuba. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal en el Hospital General Provincial Camilo Cienfuegos de Sancti Spíritus, durante dos años. Se incluyeron 335 pacientes. Las variables recogidas se agruparon en sociodemográficas, clínicas, enfermedades crónicas asociadas y estado del paciente al egreso. Se elaboró un árbol de decisión mediante el método Chaid exhaustivo, la variable dependiente fue la mortalidad por EPOC. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes del sexo femenino, con 60 años o más y con más de 4 exacerbaciones en el último año. El modelo del árbol de decisión tuvo una sensibilidad de 97 porciento, especificidad de 89.3 % y un porcentaje global de pronóstico correcto del 93.1 porciento. Se identificaron seis variables predictores de mortalidad: insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, diagnóstico de neumonía, no utilización de antitrombóticos, tromboembolismo pulmonar, edad mayor de 60 años y el hábito de fumar. Conclusiones:La probabilidad más alta de fallecer durante una exacerbación de EPOC se da entre los pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, los que son diagnosticados con neumonía durante el ingreso, los que no realizan tratamiento antitrombótico y los que tienen más de 60 años de edad [AU]

Validation of a predictive model for bacteraemia (MPB5-Toledo) in the patients seen in emergency departments due to infections. / Validación del modelo predictivo de bacteriemia (5MPB-Toledo) en los pacientes atendidos en el servicio de urgencias por infección.

OBJECTIVE: To validate a simple risk score to predict bacteremia (MPB5-Toledo) in patients seen in the emergency departments (ED) due to infections. METHODS: Prospective and multicenter observational cohort study of the blood cultures (BC) ordered in 74 Spanish ED for adults (aged 18 or older) seen from from October 1, 2019, to February 29, 2020. The predictive ability of the model was analyzed with the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). The prognostic performance for true bacteremia was calculated with the cut-off values chosen for getting the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. RESULTS: A total of 3.843 blood samples wered cultured. True cases of bacteremia were confirmed in 839 (21.83%). The remaining 3.004 cultures (78.17%) were negative. Among the negative, 172 (4.47%) were judged to be contaminated. Low risk for bacteremia was indicated by a score of 0 to 2 points, intermediate risk by 3 to 5 points, and high risk by 6 to 8 points. Bacteremia in these 3 risk groups was predicted for 1.5%, 16.8%, and 81.6%, respectively. The model's area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.930 (95% CI, 0.916-0.948). The prognostic performance with a model's cut-off value of ≥ 5 points achieved 94.76% (95% CI: 92.97-96.12) sensitivity, 81.56% (95% CI: 80.11-82.92) specificity, and negative predictive value of 98.24% (95% CI: 97.62-98.70). CONCLUSION: The 5MPB-Toledo score is useful for predicting bacteremia in patients attended in hospital emergency departments for infection.

Prevalence of polypharmacy and associated factors among patients living with HIV infection in Spain: The POINT study.

PURPOSE: Survival in people living with HIV (PLWH) has increased and thus people are aging with HIV, increasing the frequency of multimorbidity and polypharmacy. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of polypharmacy among PLWH who were on antiretroviral treatment and were followed in an outpatient setting by the pharmacy department of several hospitals across Spain. In addition, we aimed to evaluate factors associated with polypharmacy and treatment complexity among this population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We recorded information on demographic data, data on disease control including viral load and CD4 count at the time of inclusion, comorbidities, pharmacologic treatment and drugs interactions. Polypharmacy was defined as the use of 6 or more different drugs, including antiretroviral medication; major polypharmacy was defined as the use of ≥11 different drugs. RESULTS: Overall, 1225 PLWH were eligible in the study. The median (IQR) age was 49 (40-54). Comorbidities were present in 819 (67%) PLWH and 571 (47%) had two or more comorbidities. Overall, 397 (32.4%, 95% CI 29.8-34.9) PLWH met the criteria for polypharmacy, and 67 (5.5%, 95% CI, 4.2-6.7) had major polypharmacy. Several factors were associated with polypharmacy such as type of antiretroviral treatment, presence of potential interactions, the use of several types of medications and the number of comorbidities. Treatment complexity was also a factor strongly associated with polypharmacy; for each point increase in the medication regimen complexity index (MRCI), the likelihood of polypharmacy increased 2.3-fold. CONCLUSIONS: Polypharmacy is frequent among PLWH in Spain and contributes to a relevant extent to treatment complexity.

Predicting bacteremia in patients attended for infections in an emergency department: the 5MPB-Toledo model. / Modelo 5MPB-Toledo para predecir bacteriemia en los pacientes atendidos por infección en el servicio de urgencias.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a simple risk score to predict bacteremia in patients in our hospital emergency department for infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective observational cohort study of all blood cultures ordered in the emergency department for adults (aged 18 or older) from July 1, 2018, to March 31, 2019. We gathered data on 38 independent variables (demographic, comorbidity, functional status, and laboratory findings) that might predict bacteremia. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were applied to the data and a risk scale was developed. RESULTS: A total of 2181 blood samples were cultured. True cases of bacteremia were confirmed in 262 (12%). The remaining 1919 cultures (88%) were negative. No growth was observed in 1755 (80.5%) of the negative cultures, and 164 (7.5%) were judged to be contaminated. The 5MPB-Toledo model identified 5 predictors of bacteremia: temperature higher than 38.3°C (1 point), a Charlson comorbidity index of 3 or more (1 point), respiratory frequency of at least 22 breaths/min (1 point), leukocyte count greater than 12 000/mm3 (1 point), and procalcitonin concentration of 0.51 ng/mL or higher (4 points). Low risk for bacteremia was indicated by a score of 0 to 2 points, intermediate risk by 3 to 5 points, and high risk by 6 to 8 points. Bacteremia in these 3 risk groups was predicted for 1.1%, 10.5%, and 77%, respectively. The model's area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.946 (95% CI, 0.922-0.969). CONCLUSION: The 5MPB-Toledo score could be useful for predicting bacteremia in patients attended in hospital emergency departments for infection.

OBJETIVO: Diseñar un modelo sencillo de riesgo para predecir bacteriemia en los pacientes atendidos por un episodio de infección en el servicio de urgencias hospitalario (SUH). METODO: Estudio observacional, de cohortes retrospectivo, de todos los hemocultivos (HC) extraídos en un SUH en los pacientes adultos ($ 18 años) atendidos por infección desde el 1 de julio de 2018 hasta el 31 de marzo de 2019. Se analizaron 38 variables independientes (demográficas, comorbilidad, funcionales, clínicas y analíticas) que pudieran predecir la existencia de bacteriemia. Se realizó un estudio univariado y multivariable, mediante regresión logística, y después se construyó una escala de puntuación de riesgo. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 2.181 episodios de HC extraídos. De ellos se consideraron como bacteriemias verdaderas 262 (12%) y como HC negativos 1.919 (88%). Entre los negativos, 1.755 (80,5%) no tuvieron crecimiento y 164 (7,5%) se consideraron contaminados. Se definió un modelo predictivo de bacteriemia con 5 variables (5MPBToledo). El modelo incluyó la temperatura > 38,3°C (1 punto), un índice de Charlson $ 3 (1 punto), la frecuencia respiratoria $ 22 respiraciones por minuto (1 punto), leucocitos > 12.000/mm3 (1 punto) y procalcitonina $ 0,51 ng/ ml (4 puntos). Se categorizó a los pacientes en bajo (0-2 puntos), moderado (3-5 puntos) y alto (6-8 puntos) riesgo, con una probabilidad de bacteriemia de 1,1%, 10,5% y 77%, respectivamente. El ABC-COR del modelo tras remuestreo fue de 0,946 (IC 95%: 0,922-0,969). CONCLUSIONES: El Modelo 5MPB-Toledo podría ser de utilidad para predecir bacteriemia en los pacientes atendidos por un episodio de infección en los SUH.

Academic and sociodemographic predictors of anxiety and psychological well-being in Mexican medical students. A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Medical students report higher levels of anxiety than students from other majors. Knowledge about their psychological well-being is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To identify sociodemographic and academic factors that predict the level of anxiety and psychological well-being in Mexican medical students. METHOD: Cross-sectional study of Mexican medical students of first (n = 59), third (n = 43) and fifth semester (n = 59), who answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Psychological Well-being Scale for adults and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale. RESULTS: Females showed higher levels of anxiety (p < 0.01). Anxiety in males was similar in the different semesters (p > 0.05); women of third and fifth semesters were more anxious than those at first semester (p < 0.01). Anxiety and psychological well-being were negatively correlated (p < 0.001). The "Less anxiety, higher level of well-being" and "More anxiety, lower level of well-being" subgroups were characterized, and a logistic regression identified that being a woman (OR = 4.70) and not practicing any religion (OR = 2.49) are predictive factors of higher levels of anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Female medical students constitute a population at risk for higher levels of anxiety and less psychological well-being, which compromises their learning, quality of life and future professional practice.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Estudiantes de medicina reportan mayor ansiedad que estudiantes de otras carreras. El conocimiento sobre su bienestar psicológico es escaso. OBJETIVO: Identificar factores sociodemográficos y académicos predictores del nivel de ansiedad y bienestar psicológico en estudiantes mexicanos de medicina. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal de estudiantes mexicanos de medicina de primer (n = 59), tercer (n = 43) y quinto semestre (n = 59), que contestaron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, la Escala de Ansiedad de Beck, la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico para Adultos y la Escala de Evaluación de la Cohesión y la Adaptabilidad Familiar. RESULTADOS: Las mujeres presentaron mayor ansiedad (p < 0.01). La ansiedad en hombres fue similar en los distintos semestres (p > 0.05); las mujeres de tercer y quinto semestre fueron más ansiosas que las del primero (p < 0.01). Ansiedad y bienestar psicológico correlacionaron negativamente (p < 0.001). Se identificaron los subgrupos "Menor ansiedad, mayor bienestar" y "Mayor ansiedad, menor bienestar", y una regresión logística identificó que ser mujer (OR = 4.70) y no profesar alguna religión (OR = 2.49) son factores predictores de mayor ansiedad. CONCLUSIONES: Las estudiantes de medicina constituyen una población de riesgo para mayor ansiedad y menor bienestar psicológico, lo que compromete su aprendizaje, calidad de vida y futuro ejercicio profesional.

Predictores académicos y sociodemográficos de ansiedad y bienestar psicológico en estudiantes mexicanos de medicina. Estudio transversal / Academic and sociodemographic predictors of anxiety and psychological well-being in Mexican medical students. A cross-sectional study

Resumen Introducción: Estudiantes de medicina reportan mayor ansiedad que estudiantes de otras carreras. El conocimiento sobre su bienestar psicológico es escaso. Objetivo: Identificar factores sociodemográficos y académicos predictores del nivel de ansiedad y bienestar psicológico en estudiantes mexicanos de medicina. Método: Estudio transversal de estudiantes mexicanos de medicina de primer (n = 59), tercer (n = 43) y quinto semestre (n = 59), que contestaron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, la Escala de Ansiedad de Beck, la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico para Adultos y la Escala de Evaluación de la Cohesión y la Adaptabilidad Familiar. Resultados: Las mujeres presentaron mayor ansiedad (p < 0.01). La ansiedad en hombres fue similar en los distintos semestres (p > 0.05); las mujeres de tercer y quinto semestre fueron más ansiosas que las del primero (p < 0.01). Ansiedad y bienestar psicológico correlacionaron negativamente (p < 0.001). Se identificaron los subgrupos “Menor ansiedad, mayor bienestar” y “Mayor ansiedad, menor bienestar”, y una regresión logística identificó que ser mujer (OR = 4.70) y no profesar alguna religión (OR = 2.49) son factores predictores de mayor ansiedad. Conclusiones: Las estudiantes de medicina constituyen una población de riesgo para mayor ansiedad y menor bienestar psicológico, lo que compromete su aprendizaje, calidad de vida y futuro ejercicio profesional.

Abstract Introduction: Medical students report higher levels of anxiety than students from other majors. Knowledge about their psychological well-being is scarce. Objective: To identify sociodemographic and academic factors that predict the level of anxiety and psychological well-being in Mexican medical students. Method: Cross-sectional study of Mexican medical students of first (n = 59), third (n = 43) and fifth semester (n = 59), who answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Psychological Well-being Scale for adults and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale. Results: Females showed higher levels of anxiety (p < 0.01). Anxiety in males was similar in the different semesters (p > 0.05); women of third and fifth semesters were more anxious than those at first semester (p < 0.01). Anxiety and psychological well-being were negatively correlated (p < 0.001). The “Less anxiety, higher level of well-being” and “More anxiety, lower level of well-being” subgroups were characterized, and a logistic regression identified that being a woman (OR = 4.70) and not practicing any religion (OR = 2.49) are predictive factors of higher levels of anxiety. Conclusions: Female medical students constitute a population at risk for higher levels of anxiety and less psychological well-being, which compromises their learning, quality of life and future professional practice.

Complicaciones neurológicas y extra neurológicas en pacientes con ACV internados en el Hospital de Clínicas de Montevideo durante un período de 2 años / Neurological and extra-neurological complications in stroke patients treated at Hospital de Clinicas during a 2 years period / Complicações neurológicas e extraneurológicas em pacientes com AVC internados no Hospital de Clínicas de Montevidéu por um período de 2 anos

Introducción: Los pacientes con Ataque Cerebrovascular (ACV) presentan un elevado riesgo de complicaciones durante la internación, que pueden condicionar su pronóstico. Objetivos: Describir las complicaciones neurológicas y extra neurológicas durante la internación. Evaluar sus características y diferencias de acuerdo al tipo de ACV. Identificar factores predictores de complicaciones y de mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Pacientes y métodos: Fueron incluidos en el estudio los pacientes atendidos en el Hospital de Clínicas (HC) de Montevideo con diagnóstico de ACV entre 1/1/14 y 31/12/15. Se analizaron las principales características clínico-epidemiológicas de los pacientes, se pesquisó la presencia o no de complicaciones según el subtipo y se clasificaron en Neurológicas y Extra Neurológicas (Sistémicas y Cardiovasculares). Resultados: Se analizaron 206 pacientes, 57 % de los cuales presentaron complicaciones, indistintamente del subtipo de ACV. Las más habituales fueron las sistémicas, en 49 % de los casos. La edad, diabetes, NIHSS al ingreso, cardiopatía previa y trombólisis se asociaron en forma significativa e independiente a complicaciones. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue 11 %, siendo significativamente menor en los pacientes que ingresaron a la Unidad de ACV del centro. Conclusiones: Las complicaciones fueron muy frecuentes y la principal causa de muerte, siendo las sistémicas las más prevalentes. Ciertas variables se asociaron a un mayor riesgo de complicaciones: edad, diabetes, cardiopatía previa, NIHSS al ingreso, y la trombolisis. La Unidad de ACV descendió la mortalidad en forma significativa.

Introduction: Stroke patients present high risk of complications conditioning its prognosis. Objectives: To describe neurological and extra-neurological complications during admission. To evaluate complications according with stroke subtype, identifying morbidity and mortality predictive factors. Patients and methods : All patients treated at the Hospital de Clínicas (HC) with a diagnosis of stroke between 01/01/14 and 12/31/15 were analyzed. The presence or absence of complications was also analyzed according to stroke subtype during the hospital stay and were classified into three groups: neurological and extra-neurological, the last ones subdivided into systemic and cardiovascular diseases. Results: Sample of 206 patients. 57 % of them presented complications, regardless to the stroke subtype. The most common complications were the systemic ones (49 %). Age, diabetes, NIHSS at admission, previous cardiac disease and thrombolysis were significantly associated with complications. Overall mortality was 11 %. Mortality was significantly lower for patients admitted to the institutional Stroke Unit. Conclusions : Stroke complications were very frequent and are the main cause of mortality, with systemic complications being the most common. Furthermore, there are other variables which are associated with a greater risk of complications such as older age, diabetes, previous heart disease, NIHSS at admission, and thrombolysis. Admission to stroke unit resulted in a significant decrease in the mortality rate.

Introdução: Pacientes com Ataque Cerebrovascular (AVC) apresentam alto risco de complicações durante a hospitalização, o que pode condicionar seu prognóstico. Objetivos: Descrever as complicações neurológicas e extra neurológicas durante a hospitalização. Avalie suas características e diferenças de acordo com o tipo de ACV. Identifique fatores que predizem complicações e mortalidade hospitalar. Pacientes e métodos: Os pacientes atendidos no Hospital de Clínicas (HC) de Montevidéu com diagnóstico de acidente vascular cerebral entre 1/1/14 e 31/12/15 foram incluídos no estudo. As principais características clínico-epidemiológicas dos pacientes foram analisadas e a presença ou ausência de complicações de acordo com o subtipo foi investigada e classificada em Neurológica e Extra Neurológica (Sistêmica e Cardiovascular). Resultados: foram analisados 206 pacientes, 57 % dos quais apresentaram complicações, independentemente do subtipo ACV. Os mais comuns foram sistêmicos, em 49 % dos casos. Idade , diabetes, NIHSS na admissão, Trombólise foram significativamente associados a complicações. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 11 %, sendo significativamente menor nos pacientes internados na Unidade de ACV do centro. Conclusões: As complicações foram muito freqüentes e a principal causa de morte, sendo as sistêmicas as mais prevalentes. Certas variáveis foram associadas a um risco aumentado de complicações: idade, diabetes, doença cardíaca prévia, NIHSS na admissão e trombólise. A Unidade de ACV diminuiu significativamente a mortalidade.

Factores cognitivos predictivos de adherencia terapéutica en personas con sobrepeso y obesidad / Cognitive factors predicting therapeutic adherence in people with overweight and obesity

Resumen La falta de adherencia al tratamiento (ADT) en personas con enfermedades crónicas puede fluctuar entre 40 y 75%. Dos tercios de los pacientes con obesidad bajo tratamiento recuperan el peso perdido tras un año, y casi todos a los cinco años, lo que se asocia con la falta de ADT. Esta refiere a un fenómeno multidimensional que supone la acción recíproca de diversos factores, y entre ellos los relativos al paciente. Supuesto que dio paso al surgimiento de los modelos socio-cognitivos de la ADT. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar qué factores de tres diferentes modelos (Teoría de la conducta planeada [TCP], Creencias en salud y el de Wallston) pueden predecir la ADT de pacientes con sobrepeso u obesidad. Participaron 118 adultos, con edad promedio de 52.0 años (DE = 19.0), quienes estaban bajo tratamiento farmacológico y completaron tres cuestionarios, cada uno relativo a los modelos evaluados, y otro más referente a ADT. De los 13 factores, solo uno (Actitudes, del modelo de TCP) mostró capacidad para predecir la ADT (t = 2.75, ß = .26, p < .01). Por tanto, en el caso del sobrepeso u obesidad resulta necesario proponer modelos que reflejen mejor los aspectos que subyacen a la ADT.

Abstract The lack of adherence to treatment (ADT) in people with chronic diseases range from 40 to 75%. Two thirds of the patients with obesity under treatment recover the weight lost after one year, and almost all of them after five years, which is associated with the lack of ADT. Adherence refers to a multidimensional phenomenon that involves the reciprocal action of several factors, including those related to the patient. Assumption that triggered the first socio-cognitive models of ADT. The aim of the present work was to identify which factors of three different models (Theory of the planned behavior [TPB], Beliefs in health, and the one of Wallston) can predict the ADT of patients with overweight or obesity. A total of 118 adults participated, with an average age of 52.0 years (SD = 19.0), who were under pharmacological treatment and completed three questionnaires, each one related to the models evaluated, and another one related to ADT. Of the 13 factors, only one (attitudes, from the TPB model) showed ability to predict ADT (t = 2.75, ß = .26, p < .01). Therefore, for overweight and obesity it is necessary to propose models that can reflect better the differences that underlie the ADT.

Strategies to optimise the quality of bowel cleansing. / Estrategias para optimizar la calidad de la limpieza colónica.

Colonoscopy is the gold standard procedure for detecting neoplastic lesions of the colon and its efficiency is closely linked to the quality of the procedure. Adequate bowel preparation is a crucial factor in achieving the recommended quality indicators, but poor preparation has been reported in up to 30% of outpatients referred for colonoscopy. Consequently, over recent years, a number of studies have developed strategies to optimise bowel cleansing by improving adherence and tolerance to and the efficacy of the bowel preparation. Moreover, the identification of risk factors for inadequate bowel cleansing has led to tailored bowel preparation strategies being designed, with promising results. We aimed to review studies that assessed risk factors for inadequate bowel preparation and strategies to optimise bowel cleansing in patients at high risk of having poor preparation.

[Frequent attenders in Primary Health Care Centres and frequent attenders in Emergency Departments]. / Hiperfrecuentación en Atención Primaria e hiperfrecuentadores en Urgencias.

OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of frequent attenders (HF) in Primary Health Care (PHC) centres in a sample of frequent attenders (HF) in Emergency Departments (ED). DESIGN: This was an observational, retrospective, multicentre cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: The HF patients were selected from patients seen in the ED between January 1 and December 31, 2013. Setting Patients were recruited from 17 public hospitals of the Community of Madrid, Spain. METHOD: Variables on the index visit to the ED were collected. The sample was analysed in terms of being or not being an HF user in PHC. An HF user is considered a patient who made at least 10 visits in each level of care for a year. RESULTS: A total of 1284 HF patients were included. An analysis was performed on 423 (32.9%) HF users in ED with 16 (12-25) visits to PHC vs. 861 (67.1%) non-HF users in ED, with 4 (2-6) visits to PHC. Independent predictors of HF in PHC: over 65 years (OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.07-2.13; P=.019), cognitive impairment (OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.01-2.65; P=.049), taking >3 drugs (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.06-2.30; P=.025), and living in the community vs. nursing home or homeless (OR: 3.05; 95% CI: 1.14-8.16; P=.026). CONCLUSIONS: Among HF patients in the ED, the fact that of being over 65 years, taking 3or more drugs, suffering cognitive impairment, and living in the community, are also considered to be predictors of HF in PHC.